Online Resources

To provide free, widely accessible content about Eastern Europe and Eurasia, CSEEES has worked with Ohio State faculty and graduate student experts to create various types of online resources that range from resource guides, lesson plans, self-contained units of instruction, or videos. These resources are ideal for K-12 students and teachers, as well as community college educators and students, are fully accessible, and are made to provide users with additional resources and information to further their study of a topic and/or country. Currently, we have various resources for the following regions:

Is there a resource or module topic that you want to use in your classroom but don't see above? Email CSEEES at cseees@osu.edu to let us know what topics you are looking for!

CSEEES Online Modules and Ohio Learning Standards for K-12 Educators

In order to help K-12 educators find which module would best fit their courses, we have created different groupings for our online modules based on which Ohio Learning Standards they fulfill. Groupings are separated by grade and then further separated by subject, course theme/strand, and topic. Beneath each module you will see which specific content statements that each module covers. 

Middle School

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthews

  • Topic: Responding
  • Content Statements
    • 6.1RE Express and compare personal reactions to various theatrical elements using appropriate theatrical vocabulary and terminology.
    • 6.3RE Determine the effectiveness of a specific artistic choice in communicating a theatrical work.
    • 6.4RE Establish criteria to critique one’s portrayal of a character based on voice, gesture, facial expression and movement.
    • 6.5RE Describe ways an audience can respond differently to plays that are performed in various physical settings (arena, proscenium, thrust, outdoors).
  • Topic: Connecting
  • Content Statements:
    • 6.1CO Investigate the time period and place of a drama or theatre work to better understand performance and design choices.
    • 6.2CO Explain how the actions and motivations of characters in a drama or theatre work impact perspective of a community or culture.
    • 6.4CO Use dramatic and theatrical skills to demonstrate concepts or ideas from other academic areas.
    • 6.5CO Identify professional tools and skills for a working theatre artist.
    • 6.6CO Identify universal themes or common social issues and express them through a drama or theatre work.

"Baltic Tenacity: Survival and Preservation of the Baltic Cultures through the Years of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union" by Dr. Maria Ignatieva

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 3. Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed. 
  • Topic: Places and Regions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthews

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 3. Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed. 
  • Topic: Places and Regions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.

"An Introduction to Uzbekistan" by Henry Misa, Alisher Khaliyarov, and Dr. Madina Djuraeva

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 3. Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed. 
  • Topic: Places and Regions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.
  • Topic: Human Systems
  • Content Statements
    • 6. The variety of physical environments within the Eastern Hemisphere influences human activities. Likewise, human activities modify the physical environment.
    • 7. Political, environmental, social and economic factors cause people, products and ideas to move from place to place in the Eastern Hemisphere in the past and today.
    • 8. Diffusion of agricultural practices and products, technology, cultural practices and major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) impacted the Eastern Hemisphere.

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 3. Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed. 
  • Topic: Places and Regions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.

"Uzbek" by Kamola Azimova

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 3. Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed. 
  • Topic: Places and Regions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.
  • Topic: Human Systems
  • Content Statements
    • 6. The variety of physical environments within the Eastern Hemisphere influences human activities. Likewise, human activities modify the physical environment.
    • 7. Political, environmental, social and economic factors cause people, products and ideas to move from place to place in the Eastern Hemisphere in the past and today.
    • 8. Diffusion of agricultural practices and products, technology, cultural practices and major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) impacted the Eastern Hemisphere.

"Youth Culture in Postcommunist Romania" by Dr. Adela Lechintan-Siefer

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 3. Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed. 
  • Topic: Places and Regions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.

"Youth Culture in Postcommunist Romania" by Dr. Adela Lechintan-Siefer

  • Topic: Civic Participation and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 9. Different perspectives on a topic can be obtained from a variety of historic and contemporary sources and used to effectively communicate and defend a claim based on evidence. Sources should be examined for accuracy and credibility.

"Baltic Tenacity: Survival and Preservation of the Baltic Cultures through the Years of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union" by Dr. Maria Ignatieva

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthews

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

"An Introduction to Uzbekistan" by Henry Misa, Alisher Khaliyarov, and Dr. Madina Djuraeva

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

"Uzbek" by Kamola Azimova

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

"Youth Culture in Postcommunist Romania" by Dr. Adela Lechintan-Siefer

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthew

  • Topic: Responding
  • Content Statements:
    • 7.1RE Use theatrical vocabulary to compare and contrast personal opinions about a theatrical work with those of a professional critic.
    • 7.3RE Explain how production elements work together to affect an audience.
    • 7.5RE Demonstrate adjustments actors and directors may need to make when performing in various physical settings.
  • Topic: Connecting
  • Content Statements:
    • 7.2CO Incorporate multiple perspectives and diverse community ideas in a dramatic or theatre work.
    • 7.5CO Examine personal reasons for connecting to various careers in theatre.
    • 7.6CO Incorporate music, dance, art and/or media in a dramatic or theatre work with a particular cultural, global or historic context.
    • 7.7CO Develop a persuasive stance about why the theatrical or dramatic arts are important in schools and defend that opinion.

"An Introduction to Uzbekistan" by Henry Misa, Alisher Khaliyarov, and Dr. Madina Djuraeva

  • Topic: Human Systems
  • Content Statements:
    • 13. Geographic factors promote or impede the movement of people, products and ideas.
    • 14. Trade routes connecting Africa, Europe and Asia helped foster the spread of ideas, technology, goods and major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) that impacted the Eastern Hemisphere.
    • 15. Improvements in transportation, communication and technology have facilitated cultural diffusion among peoples around the world.

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Human Systems
  • Content Statements:
    • 13. Geographic factors promote or impede the movement of people, products and ideas.
    • 14. Trade routes connecting Africa, Europe and Asia helped foster the spread of ideas, technology, goods and major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) that impacted the Eastern Hemisphere.
    • 15. Improvements in transportation, communication and technology have facilitated cultural diffusion among peoples around the world.

"An Introduction to Uzbekistan" by Henry Misa, Alisher Khaliyarov, and Dr. Madina Djuraeva

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.
  • Topic: Feudalism and Transitions
  • Content Statements:
    • 5. Achievements in medicine, science, mathematics and geography by the Islamic civilization dominated most of the Mediterranean after the decline of the Roman Empire. These achievements were introduced into Western Europe as a result of the Muslim conquests, Crusades and trade, influencing the European Renaissance.
    • 6. The decline of feudalism, the rise of nation-states and the Renaissance in Europe introduced revolutionary ideas, leading to cultural, scientific and social changes.
  • Topic: First Global Age
  • Content Statements:
    • 10. European economic and cultural influence dramatically increased through explorations, conquests and colonization.

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements:
    • 1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthew

  • Topic: Responding
  • Content Statements:
    • 8.1RE Use theatre  vocabulary to evaluate the opinions of several professional critics about a theatrical work.
    • 8.3RE Explain how different artistic choices could alter the presentation of a theatrical work.
    • 8.5RE Identify ways actors and designers adjust aspects of performance to adapt to different settings, audiences and contemporary social influences.
  • Topic: Connecting
  • Content Statements:
    • 8.2CO Examine a community issue through multiple perspectives in a dramatic or theatre work.
    • 8.3CO Integrate other academic disciplines into a dramatic presentation.
    • 8.4CO Investigate the elements, principles and creative process of theatrical works from specific time periods and explain how these aspects work together.
    • 8.6CO Use different theatrical forms to examine contemporary social, cultural or global issues.
    • 8.7CO Investigate opportunities for further theatrical or dramatic arts involvement and instruction in the community.

High School

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthews

  • Topic: Responding
  • Content Statements:
    • 6.1RE Express and compare personal reactions to various theatrical elements using appropriate theatrical vocabulary and terminology.
    • 6.3RE Determine the effectiveness of a specific artistic choice in communicating a theatrical work.
    • 6.4RE Establish criteria to critique one’s portrayal of a character based on voice, gesture, facial expression and movement.
    • 6.5RE Describe ways an audience can respond differently to plays that are performed in various physical settings (arena, proscenium, thrust, outdoors).
  • Topic: Connecting
  • Content Statements:
    • 6.1CO Investigate the time period and place of a drama or theatre work to better understand performance and design choices.
    • 6.2CO Explain how the actions and motivations of characters in a drama or theatre work impact perspective of a community or culture.
    • 6.4CO Use dramatic and theatrical skills to demonstrate concepts or ideas from other academic areas.
    • 6.5CO Identify professional tools and skills for a working theatre artist.
    • 6.6CO Identify universal themes or common social issues and express them through a drama or theatre work.

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Global Connections
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Trade, alliances, treaties and international organizations contribute to the increasing interconnectedness of nations and peoples in the 21st century.
    • 2. Advances in communications technology have profound effects on the ability of governments, interest groups, individuals and the media to share information across national and cultural borders.

"From Population Exchange to Ethnic Cleansing: Forced Migration in 20th-Century Eastern Europe" by Dr. Theodora Dragostinova

  • Topic: Civil and Human Rights
  • Content Statements
    • 10. Modern instances of genocide and ethnic cleansing present individual, organizational and national issues related to the responsibilities of participants and non-participants.

"Women, Politics, and Protest in Central and Eastern Europe" by Drs. Joshua Dubrow, Magdalena Grabowska, Irina Tomescu-Dubrow, and Adrianna Zabrzewska

  • Topic: Civil and Human Rights
  • Content Statements
    • 10. Modern instances of genocide and ethnic cleansing present individual, organizational and national issues related to the responsibilities of participants and non-participants.
  • Topic: Civic Participations and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 5. Individuals can identify, assess and evaluate world events, engage in deliberative civil debate and influence public processes to address global issues.
    • 6. Effective civic participation involves identifying problems or dilemmas, proposing appropriate solutions, formulating action plans, and assessing the positive and negative results of actions taken.
    • 7. Individuals can participate through non-governmental organizations to help address humanitarian needs.
  • Topic: Global Connections
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Trade, alliances, treaties and international organizations contribute to the increasing interconnectedness of nations and peoples in the 21st century.
    • 2. Advances in communications technology have profound effects on the ability of governments, interest groups, individuals and the media to share information across national and cultural borders.

"Youth Culture in Postcommunist Romania" by Dr. Adela Lechintan-Siefer

  • Topic: Civil and Human Rights
  • Content Statements
    • 8. Beliefs about civil and human rights vary among social and governmental systems.
    • 9. Nations and international organizations pursue their own interests on issues related to civil and human rights, resulting in both conflict and cooperation particularly as it relates to injustices against minority groups.
  • Topic: Civic Participations and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 5. Individuals can identify, assess and evaluate world events, engage in deliberative civil debate and influence public processes to address global issues.
    • 6. Effective civic participation involves identifying problems or dilemmas, proposing appropriate solutions, formulating action plans, and assessing the positive and negative results of actions taken.
    • 7. Individuals can participate through non-governmental organizations to help address humanitarian needs.
  • Topic: Global Connections
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Trade, alliances, treaties and international organizations contribute to the increasing interconnectedness of nations and peoples in the 21st century.
    • 2. Advances in communications technology have profound effects on the ability of governments, interest groups, individuals and the media to share information across national and cultural borders.

"Baltic Tenacity: Survival and Preservation of the Baltic Cultures through the Years of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union" by Dr. Maria Ignatieva

  • Topic: Imperialism (1800-1914)
  • Content Statements
    • 9. Imperial expansion had political, economic and social roots.
    • 10. Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control.
    • 11. The consequences of imperialism were viewed differently by the colonizers and the colonized.
  • Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900-1945)
  • Content Statements
    • 13. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.
    • 14. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II.
    • 15. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust during World War II.
    • 16. World War II devastated most of Europe and Asia, led to the occupation of Eastern Europe and Japan, and began the atomic age.
  • Topic: The Cold War (1945-1991
  • Content Statements
    • 17. The United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers and competed for global influence.
    • 18. Treaties and agreements at the end of World War II changed national boundaries and created multinational organizations.

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthews

  • Topic: Imperialism (1800-1914)
  • Content Statements
    • 9. Imperial expansion had political, economic and social roots.
    • 10. Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control.
    • 11. The consequences of imperialism were viewed differently by the colonizers and the colonized.
  • Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900-1945)
  • Content Statements
    • 13. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.
    • 14. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II.
    • 15. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust during World War II.
    • 16. World War II devastated most of Europe and Asia, led to the occupation of Eastern Europe and Japan, and began the atomic age.
  • Topic: The Cold War (1945-1991
  • Content Statements
    • 17. The United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers and competed for global influence.
    • 18. Treaties and agreements at the end of World War II changed national boundaries and created multinational organizations.

"From Population Exchange to Ethnic Cleansing: Forced Migration in 20th-Century Eastern Europe" by Dr. Theodora Dragostinova

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source.
    • 2. Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.
    • 3. Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal relations.
  • Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900-1945)
  • Content Statements
    • 13. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.
    • 14. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II.
    • 15. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust during World War II. 
  • Topic: Globalization (1991-Present)
  • Content Statements
    • 22. The break-up of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and created challenges for its former allies, the former Soviet republics, Europe, the United States and the non-aligned world.
    • 23. Regional and ethnic conflicts in the post-Cold War era have resulted in acts of terrorism, genocide and ethnic cleansing. 

"Medical and Healthcare Innovation in Estonia" by Dr. Lorraine Wallace and Steven Mousetes

  • Topic: Globalization (1991-Present)
  • Content Statements
    • 22. The break-up of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and created challenges for its former allies, the former Soviet republics, Europe, the United States and the non-aligned world.

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source.
    • 2. Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.
    • 3. Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal relations.

"Baltic Tenacity: Survival and Preservation of the Baltic Cultures through the Years of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union" by Dr. Maria Ignatieva

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes

"Czech and Slovak Theatrical Design of the 20th Century" by Dr. Dan Matthews

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes

"An Introduction to Uzbekistan" by Henry Misa, Alisher Khaliyarov, and Dr. Madina Djuraeva

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes
  • Topic: Movement
  • Content Statements
    • 8. Physical, cultural, economic, and political factors contribute to human migrations (e.g., drought, religious conflicts, job opportunities, immigration laws).
    • 10. Activities and patterns of trade and communication create interdependence among countries in different regions (e.g.,
      seed corn grown in Iowa and planted in South America, highdefinition televisions manufactured in Japan and viewed in the United States, news outlets from many countries available around the world via the Internet, instant access to data affects stock markets in different countries)
  • Topic: Region
  • Content Statements
    • 11. Criteria are used to organize regions and as the criteria change, the identified regions change (e.g., types of economic activities, ethnic groups, natural vegetation).

"Medical and Healthcare Innovation in Estonia" by Dr. Lorraine Wallace and Steven Mousetes

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes

"An Overview of Czech Language, History, and Culture" by Ashton Kimbler

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes
  • Topic: Movement
  • Content Statements
    • 8. Physical, cultural, economic, and political factors contribute to human migrations (e.g., drought, religious conflicts, job opportunities, immigration laws).
    • 10. Activities and patterns of trade and communication create interdependence among countries in different regions (e.g.,
      seed corn grown in Iowa and planted in South America, highdefinition televisions manufactured in Japan and viewed in the United States, news outlets from many countries available around the world via the Internet, instant access to data affects stock markets in different countries)
  • Topic: Region
  • Content Statements
    • 11. Criteria are used to organize regions and as the criteria change, the identified regions change (e.g., types of economic activities, ethnic groups, natural vegetation).
  • Topic: Globalization
  • Content Statements
    • 17. Globalization has shaped new cultural, economic, and political ideas and entities (e.g., universal human rights, European Union, terrorist networks).
    • 18. Globalization has cultural, economic, physical and political consequences (e.g., Internet access increases availability of information, outsourcing leads to regional unemployment, development of infrastructure impacts local ecosystems and economies, computer hacking into sensitive data bases leads to insecurity).

"Uzbek" by Kamola Azimova

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes
  • Topic: Movement
  • Content Statements
    • 8. Physical, cultural, economic, and political factors contribute to human migrations (e.g., drought, religious conflicts, job opportunities, immigration laws).
    • 10. Activities and patterns of trade and communication create interdependence among countries in different regions (e.g.,
      seed corn grown in Iowa and planted in South America, highdefinition televisions manufactured in Japan and viewed in the United States, news outlets from many countries available around the world via the Internet, instant access to data affects stock markets in different countries)
  • Topic: Region
  • Content Statements
    • 11. Criteria are used to organize regions and as the criteria change, the identified regions change (e.g., types of economic activities, ethnic groups, natural vegetation).

"Youth Culture in Postcommunist Romania" by Dr. Adela Lechintan-Siefer

  • Topic: Spatial Thinking and Skills
  • Content Statements
    • 1. Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes.